CSS General Science and Ability MCQs - 2020

• Reducing sugars are those that can donate electrons to another molecule because they have a free aldehyde or ketone group.
  Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Maltose, Lactose.

• Non-reducing sugars do not have a free aldehyde or ketone group because these groups are involved in a glycosidic bond, preventing them from acting as reducing agents.

🔹 Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because it is formed by the condensation of glucose and fructose, where both the anomeric carbons (C1 of glucose and C2 of fructose) are involved in the glycosidic bond (α1→β2 linkage).
Hence, no free aldehyde or keto group remains to reduce other compounds like Benedict’s or Fehling’s reagent.

In designing knowledge-based AI systems, efficiency is the primary consideration. While knowledge representation and reasoning are crucial, the system must be able to process information and produce results efficiently. Efficiency ensures that the AI can handle large amounts of data, reason quickly, and provide timely outputs — which is vital for practical, real-world applications.

Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and water vapor (H₂O) trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation emitted by the Earth. This process keeps the planet warm enough to support life — a natural phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect.