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Criminology Past Paper MCQs
Criminology 2025 MCQs
1 / 20
In the mid-1960s, Robert L. Burgess and Ronald L. Akers presented their differential ______ theory of crime.
They reformulated Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory by adding behavioral psychology (operant conditioning).
The full name is "Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory."
"Social learning" (C) is a broader concept (Bandura), not Burgess & Akers' focus.
2 / 20
Which of the following is NOT an index crime?
FBI Index Crimes (Part I offenses) include violent/property crimes:
Violent: Murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault.
Property: Burglary (A), larceny-theft (B), motor vehicle theft, arson.
Fraud is a Part II offense (less severe/non-violent).
3 / 20
Which process focuses on rehabilitating individual offenders?
Rehabilitation aims to reform offenders (e.g., therapy, education).
Retribution (A) is punishment-based ("eye for an eye").
Deterrence (C) discourages crime through fear of punishment.
4 / 20
The intent to commit a crime is termed:
Mens rea = "guilty mind" (intent).
Actus reus (B) = guilty act.
Mala in se (C) = inherently wrong acts (e.g., murder).
5 / 20
Parliament and the Constitution are instruments of:
Political justice ensures fair governance through laws/institutions.
Legal justice (A) = court enforcement.
Social justice (D) = equity in society.
6 / 20
Crimes committed via the internet or computer networks are called:
Cybercrime includes hacking, identity theft, and online fraud.
"Blue crime" (B) is unrelated (sometimes refers to maritime crime).
"Felony" (C) is a serious crime category (e.g., murder).
7 / 20
Under Section 5 of the Probation of Offenders Ordinance, an offender under Section 392 PPC:
Section 392 PPC = robbery (a serious offense).
Probation is barred for serious crimes under Pakistani law (e.g., robbery, murder).
8 / 20
UCR stands for:
The UCR is the FBI’s annual crime statistics report.
Tracks Part I/II offenses nationwide.
9 / 20
In Merton’s Strain Theory, individuals who reject goals but adhere to means are called:
Ritualists follow rules mechanically without seeking success (e.g., bureaucrats).
Conformists (A) accept goals + means.
Innovators (B) use illegal means (e.g., drug dealers).
10 / 20
Why is white-collar crime low in visibility?
White-collar crimes (e.g., embezzlement) are hidden in legitimate work (unlike street crimes).
They often involve complexity, trust, and high-status perpetrators, reducing detection.
11 / 20
Police Order 2002 prohibits private employment for officers under Article ______.
Article 117 bars police officers from private jobs to prevent conflicts of interest.
Violations can lead to disciplinary action.
12 / 20
Crime mapping primarily displays:
Crime mapping uses GIS to visualize where crimes occur (hotspots).
Statistics (C) are numerical, not spatial.
13 / 20
______ refers to non - conformity to socially accepted norms.
Deviance violates cultural norms (e.g., dress codes, laws).
Criminality (A) is specific to illegal acts.
Recidivism (C) is re-offending.
14 / 20
Who first introduced the concept of anomie into sociology?
Anomie (normlessness) was introduced by Durkheim in Suicide (1897) to describe a breakdown of social norms.
Merton later expanded it in Strain Theory.
Marx, Weber, and Comte did not coin this term.
15 / 20
Article 123 of the Police Order 2002 empowers officers ranked ______ to manage public disorder at amusement places.
SHO (Station House Officer) or higher can issue orders to disperse unlawful assemblies.
SSP (A) is higher but not the minimum rank specified.
16 / 20
Which approach holds that deviance is a process of group interaction that defines individuals as deviant?
Labeling theory (Howard Becker) argues that deviance is not inherent in an act but is socially constructed when a group labels someone as deviant.
Control theory (Hirschi) focuses on social bonds preventing crime.
Functionalist theory (Durkheim) sees deviance as necessary for social order.
17 / 20
Under Section 562 Cr.P.C., courts may release offenders on probation based on:
Section 562 Cr.P.C. (now Section 4 of Probation Ordinance) allows probation for first-time offenders with good character.
Age (C) is considered but is secondary to conduct.
18 / 20
Lombroso claimed that:
Lombroso, a key figure in positivist criminology, argued that criminals are biologically different from non-criminals. His theory, known as biological determinism, suggested that criminals possess certain physical traits indicative of their predisposition to crime. This aligns with answer choice (A). The other options represent contrasting viewpoints; for instance, that deviance is socially constructed, or that social interactions are the primary cause of criminal behavior. Lombroso’s work has since been largely discredited, as subsequent research has shown that factors beyond biology strongly influence criminal behavior.
19 / 20
Who authored ‘On Crimes and Punishments’ in (1764)?
Beccaria founded classical criminology, advocating proportionality in punishment.
Montesquieu (A) wrote The Spirit of Laws (separation of powers).
Bentham (B) expanded utilitarianism but did not write this text.
20 / 20
The term criminology is derived from the combination of two Latin words:
The word "criminology" comes from the Latin "Crimea" (meaning "crime" or "accusation") and the Greek suffix "-logia" (meaning "study of").
It was first coined by French anthropologist Paul Topinard in the 19th century.
Option (A) is incorrect because "criminality, logic" is not the etymological origin.
Option (C) is incorrect because "logistic" is unrelated.
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