Pakistan Affairs MCQs

The greatest monument of Pakistan-China collaboration is undoubtedly the Karakoram Highway (also known as the KKH). This remarkable feat of engineering stands as a testament to the enduring friendship and strategic partnership between the two nations.

Here are some key points about the Karakoram Highway:

1. Significance:
   • The Karakoram Highway is a high-altitude road that connects Pakistan (specifically Havelian) to China (specifically Kashgar in Xinjiang).
   • It traverses the spectacular Karakoram mountain range, known for its rugged terrain, glaciers, and breathtaking vistas.
   • The highway serves as a vital trade route between the two countries, facilitating the movement of goods, people, and ideas.
2. Engineering Marvel:
   • The Karakoram Highway is an engineering marvel due to its challenging construction in a harsh environment.
   • It winds through treacherous mountain passes, crosses deep gorges, and navigates steep cliffs.
   • The highway required immense effort and collaboration to overcome natural obstacles.
3. Strategic Importance:
   • Beyond its economic significance, the KKH holds immense strategic importance for both Pakistan and China.
   • It enhances connectivity between South Asia and Central Asia, promoting regional trade and cooperation.
   • The highway also plays a crucial role in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), fostering closer ties between the two nations.
4. Symbol of Friendship:
   • The Gwadar Port Authority aptly describes the Karakoram Highway as the “second great monument of Pakistan-China friendship” after the Karakoram Highway itself.
   • Its construction exemplifies the spirit of collaboration, resilience, and shared vision between Pakistan and China.

In summary, the Karakoram Highway stands as a remarkable achievement—an enduring link that binds two nations across formidable mountain ranges, symbolizing their enduring friendship and commitment to progress. 🌐🏔️🤝

Pakistan opened its first embassy in Iran. Iran was the first to recognize Pakistan’s sovereign status when Pakistan earned freedom in August 1947.

The reformer who fought against Akbar's Din-e-Ilahi was Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, commonly known as Mujaddid Alif Sani. He was a prominent Islamic scholar and mystic who lived during the reign of Emperor Akbar in the Mughal Empire. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi vehemently opposed Akbar's Din-e-Ilahi, which was a syncretic religion introduced by Akbar that attempted to blend elements of various religions. Sirhindi criticized Din-e-Ilahi as a departure from orthodox Islam and worked to preserve traditional Islamic teachings.

In the mid-1970s Pakistan embarked upon the uranium enrichment route to acquire a nuclear weapons capability. Pakistan conducted nuclear tests on 28th May 1998, shortly after India's nuclear tests, declaring itself a nuclear weapon state. Pakistan currently possesses a growing nuclear arsenal, and remains outside both the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).

A person shall be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan if he meets the following qualifications:

1. He must be a citizen of Pakistan.
2. He must have served as a judge of a High Court for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than five years.
3. Alternatively, he should have been an advocate of a High Court for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than fifteen years.

The author of the book “Jinnah of Pakistan” is Stanley Wolpert. This unique and insightful biography explores the fascinating public and private life of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, from his birth in 1876 until his death in 1948. Stanley Wolpert, an American academic, is considered one of the world’s foremost authorities on the political history of modern South Asia. His comprehensive study delves into the complexities of Jinnah’s brilliant leadership, resilience, and determination in shaping the map of South Asia against all odds. Physically frail yet immensely influential, Jinnah gave courage, hope, strength, and voice to millions of Muslims in South Asia during a critical period of history. The biography takes readers on a journey from the bustling port of Karachi, where Jinnah was born, to various cities across the subcontinent, revealing both his accomplishments and human weaknesses.

The Public Representative and Officers Disqualification Act (PRODA) was passed in 1949. However, it was implemented with effect from August 14, 1947. This act was designed to check graft and misuse of authority. It allowed for politicians to be disqualified for as long as 10 years.

Pakistan plays a crucial role in UN peacekeeping missions, consistently contributing troops and police personnel to maintain global peace and security. As of now, Pakistan constitutes over 9% of the UN’s total deployment in peacekeeping efforts¹. This commitment reflects Pakistan’s dedication to international peace and its active role in supporting conflict-affected regions worldwide. 🌐🕊️

Pakistan joined the Baghdad Pact, also known as the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), on September 23, 1955. This military alliance aimed to block potential Soviet Union expansion into the Middle East. Unlike NATO, CENTO did not have a unified military command structure but sought to create a line of strong states along the Soviet Union’s southwestern frontier, often referred to as the ‘Northern Tier’. The United States later became an associate member in 1959. The organization’s headquarters initially resided in Baghdad, Iraq, from 1955 to 1958, and later moved to Ankara, Turkey, where it remained until its dissolution on March 16, 1979. Although CENTO is considered one of the least successful Cold War alliances, it played a significant role during its existence

Syed Ahmed Khan was one of the leading figures of Muslim India, and the Revolt of 1857 was the defining moment of his life. He wrote this analysis soon after he witnessed the brutal revenge the British took on Delhi once the Revolt was suppressed. His primary aim was to correct the misconception that the uprising was merely a Muslim conspiracy. Instead, he argued, the Revolt was a widespread response to the failure of the British to admit Indians into the Legislative Council, effectively preventing them from having any say in government policies. Before the Revolt he had been a scholar and civil servant; after, he began a political career that helped transform modern India.

Pakistan's coastline is about 990 km long, bifurcated in two parts, Sindh Coast (270 km) and Makran Coast (720 km). The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Pakistan covers an area of about 240,000 sq. km. The maritime zone of Pakistan, including the continental shelf, extends up to 350 nautical miles from the coastline.

The Lucknow Pact was an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League (AIML) at a joint session of both parties held in Lucknow in December 1916. Through this pact, the two parties agreed to allow representation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures. The Muslim League leaders also agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian autonomy. This historic event marked an example of consociational practice in Indian politics.

Pakistan rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1989. After initially being a member upon its independence in 1947, Pakistan left the Commonwealth in 1972 in protest against the recognition of Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) as a separate nation. However, it applied to rejoin in 1989, and its membership was officially restored later that year.

Under Article 58 of the constitution of Pakistan, a Prime Minister ceases to hold office if the majority of members of the National Assembly, equating to 172 members (out of 342), vote in favor of no-confidence.

The Book of India, also known as “Kitab-ul-Hind” or “Tahqiq-i-Hind”, was authored by the renowned scholar Al-Biruni. Al-Biruni, whose full name is Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, was a multifaceted thinker, mathematician, and historian. He hailed from the region of Khwarezm, which corresponds to modern-day Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. His significant work, “Kitab-ul-Hind”, was composed after he visited India and delved into its rich cultural heritage. In this historical treatise, Al-Biruni provides insights into Indian sciences, Hindu religious beliefs, customs, and social organization. His meticulous observations serve as a valuable resource for understanding India during that era.

The Khyber Pass is the pass that connects Pakistan with Afghanistan. It spans approximately 33 miles (53 kilometers) through the Hindu Kush Mountain range. At its highest point, it reaches an elevation of roughly 3,500 feet (1,050 meters), right at the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The battle in which Lord Clive defeated Nawab Siraj ud Daula and recaptured Calcutta was the Battle of Plassey. It took place on June 23, 1757, near the village of Plassey in Bengal, India. This battle was a significant turning point in the history of British rule in India, as it paved the way for British dominance in Bengal and eventually throughout much of the Indian subcontinent.

The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India, and it served as the nation’s first Parliament after India gained independence in 1947. This historic assembly was established through negotiations between leaders of the Indian independence movement and members of the British Cabinet Mission.

Here are some key details about the Constituent Assembly:

• Formation: The idea of a Constituent Assembly was proposed as early as 1934 by M.N. Roy. However, it was officially created in 1946 under the Cabinet Mission Plan.
• Purpose: The Constituent Assembly’s primary purpose was to draft India’s Constitution.
• Composition:
  • It consisted of indirectly elected representatives from various regions.
  • The total membership was 389, including 292 representatives from the provinces, 93 from princely states, and 4 from chief commissioner provinces (Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg, and British Baluchistan).
• Elections:
  • Elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946.
  • The Indian National Congress won 208 seats, and the Muslim League secured 73 seats.
• Drafting the Constitution:
  • The Constitution of India was meticulously drafted by the Constituent Assembly.
  • It was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on May 16, 1946.
• Historical Significance:
  • The Constituent Assembly’s work laid the foundation for India’s democratic and constitutional framework.
  • It reflected the aspirations, diversity, and vision of a newly independent nation.

The Constituent Assembly’s efforts resulted in the remarkable document that shapes India’s governance, rights, and principles to this day.

Darul Uloom Deoband was founded by Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi in 1866.

The Cabinet Mission reached Delhi on March 24, 1946. The Cabinet Mission, sent by the British government, was tasked with proposing a plan for the transfer of power from British hands to Indian leadership and negotiating the terms for Indian independence.

The world’s highest polo ground is situated in a small village in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan called “Shandur”. It is 3,800 meters (12,500 feet) above sea level. Playing polo here can be challenging due to the low level of oxygen at such high altitudes. The ground is located on Shandur Top, often referred to as “The Roof of the World”. Each year, the Shandur Polo Festival takes place here, featuring exciting polo matches between teams representing the Chitral District and Gilgit-Baltistan Province. The festival spans three days, typically from July 7 to July 9.

In April 2010, Article 25A was inserted via the 18th Amendment passed during the Pakistan Peoples Party’s Zardari government in the Pakistani Constitution, making education a Fundamental Right. Which makes Pakistan, a state which has 52 million children between the ages of 5 and 16 who are guaranteed free education by the Constitution.

[25A. Right to education.—The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such manner as may be determined by law.]

Section 9 of the Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment Act, 2010 (10 of 2010), inserted a new Art. 25A, after Art. 25 of the Constitution, (w.e.f. April 19, 2010) under the Amendment, not only are the provincial governments responsible for paying all education-related costs including stationery, schoolbags and transport for children aged 5 to 16 age, they are also obligated to provide education. Moreover, the governments are also responsible for monitoring private sector education as well.

Murree is located in the Galyat region of the Pir Panjal Range, within the Murree District of Punjab, Pakistan. It’s a mountain resort city that forms the outskirts of the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area. This charming mountain town is situated at an altitude of 2,291 meters (7,516 ft) above sea level.

The Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai is an 18th-century Sufi shrine situated in the town of Bhit Shah, which lies in the Matiari district of the Sindh province in Pakistan. This revered shrine is considered one of the most important in Sindh, and its annual urs festival attracts up to 500,000 visitors. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, a noted Sindhi Sufi scholar, mystic, saint, and poet, is widely regarded as the greatest Muslim poet of the Sindhi language. His collected poems are assembled in the compilation known as Shah Jo Risalo. The shrine complex, richly decorated with Sindhi-style tile work, includes a mosque, a mausoleum, and a large courtyard encircled by domed arcades.

The 3rd June Plan, also known as the Mountbatten Plan, was announced by Lord Mountbatten, India’s last Viceroy, on June 3, 1947. Here are the key points about this significant plan:

• The plan declared that India would be splitting into two nations after its independence: India and Pakistan.
• The division came into effect on August 15, 1947.
• The plan granted autonomy and sovereignty to both India and Pakistan, allowing them to form their own constitutions.
• Princely states, such as Jammu and Kashmir, were given the choice to either remain independent or join India or Pakistan.
• Unlike the earlier Dickie Bird Plan, the 3rd June Plan was accepted by both the Congress and the Muslim League.
• The Indian Independence Act of 1947, which was passed in the British Parliament, was drafted based on the Mountbatten Plan.
• According to this plan, the British monarch would no longer use the title ‘Emperor of India’, and the British Parliament could not enact any law binding on either of the two nations.
• Until the formation of new constitutions, the Governor-General was made a constitutional head, responsible for assenting to laws passed by the constituent assemblies of both nations.

The 3rd June Plan played a crucial role in shaping the course of India’s independence and the subsequent creation of Pakistan.

19th SAARC summit was cancelled after Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi refused to travel to Pakistan and New Delhi leaned on other SAARC members to boycott the summit. It was scheduled to be held in Pakistan in November, 2014.

Actually, Pakistan has two official languages: Urdu and English. These languages have both been recognized as official languages of the country with the aim of unifying Pakistan’s solidarity.

An agreement called “Sino-Pakistan Agreement” on the demarcation of boundaries was concluded between Pakistan and China in the year of 1963.

On April 13, 2022, Pakistan was re-elected for the seventh time to the United Nations’ Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). This election took place at the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations in New York. The Committee is an intergovernmental body responsible for overseeing the implementation of the legal framework governing NGOs’ participation in the work of the United Nations. It evaluates applications from NGOs seeking consultative status and accreditation to the ECOSOC. Pakistan’s re-election reflects the international community’s confidence in its role and contributions to the UN’s work. As a member of the Committee on NGOs, Pakistan will continue to promote cooperation between the UN and civil society organizations, working alongside governments to improve the lives of people worldwide.

The Cabinet Mission Plan, announced on May 16, 1946, aimed to address the constitutional future of India. Here are the key features of the plan:

1. Union of India:
   • The plan proposed a Union of India, encompassing both British India and the Princely States.
   • This Union would handle subjects such as Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Communications.
   • It would have an Executive and a Legislature constituted from representatives of both British India and the States.
2. Communal Representation:
   • In the Legislature, any question related to a major communal issue would require a majority of representatives from each of the two major communities (Hindus and Muslims) as well as a majority of all members present and voting.
3. Provincial Autonomy:
   • All subjects other than the Union subjects and all residuary powers would vest in the Provinces.
   • The States would retain all subjects and powers other than those ceded to the Union.
4. Background:
   • The Cabinet Mission was sent to India in March 1946 to create a Constituent Assembly that would frame India’s Constitution.
   • The Mission faced challenges due to fundamental differences between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League regarding India’s future.
5. Outcome:
   • Despite the Mission’s efforts, both parties remained unwilling to reach a settlement.
   • The Cabinet Mission Plan aimed at maintaining a united India, but it ultimately couldn’t prevent the eventual partition in 1947.

Remember, historical events like the Cabinet Mission Plan shape the course of nations, and understanding them helps us appreciate the complexities of our past

The NSTP has been launched under the overarching theme of the ‘Innovate Pakistan’, a platform designed to synergies researchers, creators, investors, implementers and end users of technologies to transform innovative ideas into successful products and services while promulgating a culture of entrepreneurship in Pakistan. With over PKR 8 Billion being invested into the master plan, NSTP will emerge as an innovation powerhouse for businesses.

The author of the book “The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan” is Ayesha Jalal. In this scholarly work, Jalal delves into the historical context surrounding the partition of India in 1947. Focusing on the All-India Muslim League and its leader, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the book assesses the role of religious communalism and provincialism in shaping the movement for an independent Pakistan.

On April 14, 1988, in Geneva, representatives of the governments of Pakistan and Afghanistan signed three bilateral agreements intended to end the war in Afghanistan. An additional "Declaration on International Guarantees" was signed by the United States and the Soviet Union as states-guarantors. Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze also signed one of the three bilateral agreements as witnesses. These documents, collectively known as the Geneva accords, have been hailed as the key to Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and a settlement of the conflict which has held the world spotlight since the Soviet invasion of December 1979. They have also been condemned by critics as a betrayal of the Afghan people and their ten-year struggle against communist domination. The accords came into force on May 15, 1988 the date specified for the beginning of the withdrawal of Soviet troops.

The first ever General Elections in Pakistan were held from December 7, 1970, to December 17, 1970. These elections were crucial as they led to the emergence of the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, as the majority party in East Pakistan, while the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, won the majority of seats in West Pakistan. These results eventually led to the Bangladesh Liberation War and the subsequent independence of Bangladesh.

The caliph who called Muhammad bin Qasim back was Caliph Suleiman ibn Abdul Malik. After the death of Caliph Al-Walid, Muhammad Bin Qasim was summoned back to Baghdad by the new Caliph. Unfortunately, this new Caliph was known for his harsh treatment of many famous Muslim generals and honorable individuals due to personal enmity.

The enactment of six regulatory reforms has landed Pakistan among the world’s top 10 business climate improvers, according to the World Bank Group’s Doing Business 2020 study. Due to a concerted improvement in business regulation, Pakistan climbed 28 places and rose to a rank of 108 in the global ease of Doing Business rankings this year from 136 the previous year.

The Bogra formula, presented before the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on October 7, 1953, is also known as the Muhammad Ali Bogra Formula. This constitutional proposal aimed to achieve an agreement on a workable constitution for the country. Here are the major features of the Bogra formula:

1. Bicameral Legislature:
   • The federal legislature would comprise two houses:
     • The House of Units: It would have a total strength of 50 members, equally divided among five units: East Bengal, Punjab, NWFP, Frontier States, Sindh, and Khairpur, Balochistan.
     • The House of People: It would consist of 300 members, allocated among the five units as follows:
       • East Bengal: 165 members
       • Punjab: 75 members
       • NWFP: 13 members
       • Sindh: 19 members
       • State of Khairpur: 1 member
       • Balochistan: 3 members
       • Bahawalpur State: 7 members
   • Both houses would have equal powers in all matters.
2. Principle of Parity:
   • The formula maintained the principle of parity between East and West Pakistan in the combined Houses, with 175 seats for each zone.
   • In total, both wings were to have 175 seats each in the two Houses of the Legislative Assembly.
3. Supreme Court’s Role:
   • Instead of the Board of Ulama, the Supreme Court was given the power to decide if a law was in accordance with the basic teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah.
4. Presidential Elections:
   • The two houses of the Legislative Assembly formed the Electoral College for the Presidential elections.
   • The President would be elected for a term of 5 years.

The Bogra formula received enthusiastic support, although there were points of criticism. Despite the parliamentary division on the response to the formula, it played a significant role in Pakistan’s constitutional journey.

The East India Company, also known as the British East India Company, was established by royal charter on December 31, 1600. Initially, it operated as a monopolistic trading body, focusing on trade with East and Southeast Asia and India. Over time, the company became deeply involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the early 18th century to the mid-19th century. Its activities extended beyond India, including trade in China during the 19th century.

The Zakat and Usher Ordinance, 1980 was promulgated in Pakistan on June 20, 1980. This ordinance aimed to make provisions related to the assessment, collection, and disbursement of Zakat and Ushr (a form of religious tax). The basic purpose of this law was to provide for the implementation of Islamic precepts in Pakistan, which is an Islamic State . The Zakat and Usher Department was established as a result of this ordinance to oversee the administration and management of Zakat and Ushr funds, ensuring their proper utilization for assisting the needy, indigent, and poor in accordance with Islamic principles.

"The Great Tragedy" is a book written by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan. It was published in 1971 and addresses the events leading up to the Bangladesh Liberation War and the secession of East Pakistan to form Bangladesh. Bhutto's perspective in the book reflects his views on the political and historical context surrounding the separation of East and West Pakistan.

Pakistan is a multilingual country with over 70 languages spoken as first languages. The majority of Pakistan’s languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. Here are some key points about the linguistic diversity in Pakistan:

• Urdu: Urdu is the national language and the lingua franca of Pakistan. While sharing official status with English, it is the preferred and dominant language used for inter-communication between different ethnic groups.
• Regional Languages: Numerous regional languages are spoken as first languages by Pakistan’s various ethnolinguistic groups. Some of the prominent ones include:
  • Punjabi
  • Pashto
  • Sindhi
  • Saraiki
  • Balochi
  • Hindko
  • Pahari-Pothwari
  • Brahui
• Local Languages: There are approximately 60 local languages with fewer than a million speakers each.

The 2022 edition of Ethnologue lists 77 established languages in Pakistan. Of these, 68 are indigenous and 9 are non-indigenous. These languages vary in vitality, with some classified as institutional, developing, vigorous, in trouble, or dying. The linguistic diversity reflects Pakistan’s rich cultural heritage and the coexistence of various linguistic communities.

According to a recent report published by the World Health Organization, Pakistan ranks 122 (globally) in terms of the quality and reach of its healthcare systems; much behind even some of the far less developed countries such as Lithuania (73), Libya (87), Fiji (96), Iraq (103), and Tongo (116).

The capital of the state of Mysore, where Tipu Sultan died while fighting the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, was Srirangapatna. Srirangapatna is located near modern-day Mysore in the Indian state of Karnataka. Tipu Sultan, also known as the Tiger of Mysore, died defending his capital against British forces in 1799 during the final siege of Srirangapatna.

The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan was passed by the National Assembly on April 10, 1973, during the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. It was then ratified on August 14, 1973, making it the third constitution of Pakistan after those of 1956 and 1962. This constitution remains in force today and serves as the supreme law of Pakistan. It outlines the state’s structure, fundamental rights, legal system, and the establishment of institutions and armed forces. Notably, it designates the President of Pakistan as a ceremonial Head of State, representing the unity of the nation. The first six articles of the constitution establish Pakistan as a federal parliamentary republic with Islam as its state religion. Although it was enforced in 1973, Pakistan celebrates the adoption of the constitution on March 23 each year as Republic Day, commemorating when the first set was promulgated in 1956.

The Chauri Chaura Incident occurred on February 4, 1922, in the Gorakhpur district of United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) in British India. During this significant event, a large group of protesters participating in the Non-cooperation movement faced police action. The police opened fire on the demonstrators, resulting in the deaths of three civilians and 23 policemen. In retaliation, the protesters attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants. This tragic incident led to Mahatma Gandhi halting the Non-Cooperation Movement on a national level as a direct consequence. The British colonial authorities arrested demonstrators, sentencing 19 of them to death and 14 to life imprisonment

The Prime Minister of Pakistan at the time of the imposition of the first martial law was Feroz Khan Noon. Martial law was declared in Pakistan for the first time on October 7, 1958, by President Iskander Mirza, leading to the ousting of the civilian government. Following the imposition of martial law, General Ayub Khan assumed power as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and later became the President of Pakistan.

The agreement was jointly signed by Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources Shahid Khaqan Abbasi and and Chairman of Qatar Gas Board of Directors Saad Sherida Al-Kaabi in Doha, according to which the kingdom will provide a billion dollars’ worth of LNG to Pakistan annually. Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Limited will sell LNG from 2016 to ear 2031 to Pakistan State Oil (PSO).

The highest civilian award in Pakistan is the Nishan-e-Pakistan. It is bestowed upon individuals who have rendered services of highest distinction to the national interest of Pakistan. This prestigious award holds a special place in the hearts of those who receive it, symbolizing their exceptional contributions to the country.

The book “China-Pakistan Axis: Asia’s New Geopolitics” was written by Andrew Small. This insightful work delves into the complex and enduring relationship between China and Pakistan, often referred to as each other’s “all-weather friend.” The book sheds light on the historical context, sensitive aspects, and geopolitical implications of this strategic alliance. Topics covered include China’s interactions with the Taliban, its support for Pakistan’s nuclear program, and the broader impact on Asia and the West. As China rises as a global power, its relationship with Pakistan remains central to regional dynamics, with implications for neighboring countries like Afghanistan and India.

In 2019, Dr Asad Majeed Khan was appointed as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States after Ali Jahangir Siddiqui had stepped down from his post. He had been previously appointed as ambassador to japan. He continued to serve as Ambassador  United States for over 3 years and left on 25 March, 2022 to take up his new post in Brussels.

Samina Baig, a remarkable mountaineer from the Shimshal valley of Hunza, holds the distinction of being the first Pakistani woman to conquer Mount Everest. She achieved this remarkable feat at the young age of 21. Notably, Samina Baig is also the youngest Muslim woman to climb Everest and the seven highest peaks on seven continents. Her determination and courage have left an indelible mark in the world of mountaineering, inspiring many others to follow in her footsteps.

In 1974, the Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was enacted under the leadership of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This amendment officially declared Ahmadis as non-Muslims within the context of Pakistani law. Prior to this amendment, Ahmadis were considered Muslims. However, the constitutional change had significant implications for their religious rights and freedoms.

The amendment emboldened extremist groups, primarily Jamaat-e-Islami and Khatme Nabuwwat, who used it as a pretext to harass, attack, and even kill Ahmadis in Pakistan. It effectively rendered the Freedom of Religion guaranteed by the 1973 Pakistan Constitution entirely impotent for Ahmadis.

This historical decision remains a point of contention and has had lasting effects on the lives of Ahmadis in Pakistan. The Second Amendment not only declared Ahmadis as non-Muslims but also paved the way for the establishment of a centralized citizen registry. It granted the state arbitrary powers to determine who qualifies as a Muslim and who does not.

The persecution of Ahmadis continues to be a complex and sensitive issue, highlighting the delicate balance between religious freedom and state authority.

The Tashkent Declaration, an accord signed on January 10, 1966, was a significant event in the aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. It brought an end to the hostilities between India and Pakistan. The declaration was mediated by Soviet Premier Aleksey Kosygin and involved the participation of India’s Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan’s President Mohammad Ayub Khan. Unfortunately, Lal Bahadur Shastri passed away unexpectedly the day after the agreement was signed in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Pakistan was formally admitted as a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) on June 9, 2017, during the 17th Meeting of the Heads of State Council of SCO in Astana, Kazakhstan. This historic occasion was marked by congratulations from all the Heads of the family members of SCO, including President Xi Jinping of China, President Vladimir Putin, and President Nursultan Nazarbayev. The SCO, established in June 2001, comprises founding members such as Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Its principles emphasize mutual trust, equality, respect for cultural diversity, and a desire for common development. Pakistan had been an Observer in the SCO since 2005 and was the first Observer state to apply for full membership in 2010. After a Memorandum of Obligations was signed in 2016, Pakistan successfully completed all the steps required for full membership, including accession to SCO instruments. This milestone strengthens Pakistan’s cooperation with SCO member states, advances regional peace, stability, and development, and enables a more effective role in regional cooperation against terrorism and extremism. Additionally, Pakistan’s inclusion in the SCO, alongside India, brings the total population of the organization to 45 percent of the world’s population, accounting for 25 percent of the world’s GDP. Through its presence in the SCO Secretariat in Beijing and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent, Pakistan aims to play an effective role in the organization’s activities

The right of separate electorates for Muslims was formally introduced through the Government of India Act of 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms. This act provided for separate electorates for Muslims, which allowed them to vote for Muslim candidates only in certain constituencies. This was a significant development in British India's political landscape and marked an early recognition of communal representation in the legislative process.

Since independence, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) have been governed under the Frontier Crimes Regulation, 1901. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973 in its Articles 1(2)(c), 246 and 247 conferred special status on these areas. Parliament had no authority to make any law for these areas. The president was law-giver who could, by a regulation, extend any law made by the parliament, to these areas with such exceptions and modifications as might be necessary, keeping in view the socio-cultural peculiarities and political dynamics of these areas. The system so prevalent in FATA was an exception to philosophy of rule of law. Despite numerous efforts to bring in reforms for these neglected areas, no government could succeed since 1976. However, after years of debate Pakistan’s National Assembly amended the constitution on 24 May 2018 (25th amendment) if favor of the integration of the FATA areas into the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The colonial legacy in the form of political administration under the unbridled powers of Political Agent is no longer there. The office is renamed as Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner. Similarly, the Century old FCR [Frontier Crimes Regulation] is no more in the field and replaced with Interim Governance Regulation. The tribal people will have fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and of which they were deprived till now. The introduction and presence of criminal and judicial system will ensure their fundamental rights like other citizens of rest of the Country. Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act 2018 was published in The Gazette of Pakistan on 5th June 2018.

The first census in India was conducted in the year 1872 during the period of Lord Mayo, who was the Viceroy of India at that time.

However, this was not a synchronous (simultaneous) census for the entire country. It was the first attempt to count the population systematically in different parts of British India.

The first complete and synchronous census of the entire country was held in 1881 during the tenure of Lord Ripon.

The First Battle of Panipat, which took place on April 21, 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi dynasty. This significant battle occurred in North India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire while also signaling the end of the Delhi Sultanate. During this battle, Babur employed a combination of tactics, including the use of firearms and cavalry charges, ultimately defeating the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi. The aftermath of this battle had a profound impact on India’s political and social landscape, establishing the Mughal Empire, which endured for 331 years (1526-1857).

Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, commonly known as Mujaddid-e-Alif Sani (the reformer of the second millennium), was born on 26 June, 1564, in Sirhind, a city of Indian Punjab. At the age of 36 he went to Delhi and there he met Khawaja Baqi Billah who introduced him to the Naqshbandi Silsilah. Sheikh Ahmed was not new to Sufi discipline as he had made remarkable progress and soon reached the sublime heights of experience and beatific vision. He died on 15 December, 1624, at the age of 60 years.

The British East India Company was dissolved in 1874. This dissolution came as a result of the Government of India Act 1858, which transferred the company's governing powers and possessions in India to the British Crown. However, the process of dissolution was gradual, and it took several years for the company to cease all its functions and operations.

Pakistan joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954. SEATO was established in 1954 in response to concerns about communist expansion in Southeast Asia, particularly after the Korean War. Pakistan's participation in SEATO was part of its broader foreign policy alignment during the Cold War era.

Pakistan’s first Commander-in-Chief was General Frank Messervy. He assumed this position on August 15, 1947, immediately after Pakistan gained independence. General Messervy, a British officer, played a crucial role in organizing and training the newly formed Pakistan Army during its early days. His leadership set the foundation for the country’s military establishment.

Iran was the first nation to recognize Pakistan on the 14th of August, 1947. Moreover, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, was the first head of any country to come on an official visit to Pakistan in March 1950.

On 27 February 2019, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) conducted a series of six airstrikes at multiple locations in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). These airstrikes were part of the PAF’s military operation codenamed “Operation Swift Retort”. The operation was carried out in retaliation to the Indian Air Force (IAF) airstrike in Balakot just a day earlier, on 26 February 2019. Notably, this marked the first time since 1971 that both countries’ air forces had conducted airstrikes on each other’s territory across the Line of Control (LoC). During the ensuing dogfight, Pakistan claimed to have shot down two Indian jets and captured one Indian pilot, Abhinandan Varthaman. India acknowledged the loss of one IAF jet and the capture of the pilot. Additionally, a friendly fire incident resulted in the loss of an Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 helicopter, leading to the tragic deaths of six IAF personnel, including Squadron Leaders Siddharth Vashisht and Ninad Mandavgane.

The first Khilafat Conference took place in Delhi in November 1919. During this significant event, leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Abul Kalam Azad participated. The conference was organized by the All India Khilafat Committee, which had been formed in July 1919 in Bombay. Its primary objective was to address the grievances related to British policy against Turkey and the planned dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I by the Allied forces. Notably, the Khilafat Movement also aimed to promote Hindu-Muslim unity while advocating for the protection of the Caliphate

The Nuclear Suppliers group (NSG) was formed in 1975 after, the explosion by India in May 1974 of a nuclear device. India declared this detonation for peaceful purposes although it was for military use. The NSG seeks to prevent similar future misuses.

The main aim is to ensure that nuclear trade for peaceful purposes does not contribute to the proliferation of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Moreover international trade and cooperation in the nuclear field is not hindered unjustly in the process.

To admit a new country in the group prerequisites are

• It must have the capability to supply the items and country should adhere to the guidelines of NSG, signatory of Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT).
• The country supports the international efforts towards non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and of their delivery vehicles.
• Enforcement of a legally based domestic export control system which gives effect to the commitment to act in accordance with the guidelines.
• Consensus of all member states which are presently 48 is mandatory for new entrant.

A rotating Chair has the overall responsibility for coordination of work and outreach activities. India had applied for the membership on 12 May 2016, closely followed by Pakistan on 19 May 2016. India is backed by the US, and a number of western countries.

Most of tie NSG major powers possessing nuclear weapons have also shown leniency towards India. In Seoul meeting held in June 2016, the NSG Chair, Ambassador Song of South Korea, and the previous Chair, Ambassador Rafael Mariano Grossi of Argentina, were willingly co-opted to pave the way for India. Draft ‘Exchange of Notes’ for non NPT applicants, also known as Grossi formula was ready in December 2016. It is heavily tilted towards granting the membership to India. On December 29, 2016 Pakistan Foreign Office rejected the Grossi formula on the grounds that it is discriminatory and unhelpful for advancing global non-proliferation objectives.

Pakistan officially recognized Bangladesh in 1974, following international pressure and diplomatic efforts. The relationship between the two countries is now considered cordial. During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, India played a crucial role in raising awareness about the atrocities committed by the Pakistani forces against Bengalis. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s global campaign highlighted the struggle for Bangladesh’s liberation and framed the context of the war, ultimately leading to prompt recognition of Bangladesh as an independent state after Pakistan’s defeat. Diplomatic relations were established in January 1976, marking a significant milestone in their bilateral ties.

1. First Martial Law (1958):
   • On October 7, 1958, President Iskandar Mirza imposed the first martial law in Pakistan.
   • Major General Iskander Mirza, who had served as Governor-General, initiated this period of military rule.
   • General Ayub Khan became the first Marshal of Pakistan during this time and held authority for about four years.
   • In 1962, Ayub Khan lifted martial law and restored a presidential form of government.
2. Second Martial Law (1969):
   • On March 25, 1969, General Yahya Khan, Pakistan’s Army Chief, declared the second martial law.
   • He dissolved the assemblies and assumed the role of President.
   • General Yahya Khan issued provisional constitution orders, consolidating power in his hands.
   • Later, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over martial law administration in 1971.
3. Third Martial Law (1977):
   • General Zia ul Haq implemented the third martial law after the rule of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
   • During this period, political parties were banned, and national and provincial assemblies were dissolved.
   • The imposition of martial law in 1977 had significant implications for Pakistan’s political landscape.
4. Fourth Martial Law (1999):
   • On October 12, 1999, General Pervez Musharraf seized power in Pakistan through a military coup.
   • He suspended the constitution, dissolved the assemblies, and assumed control.
   • General Musharraf remained in power until 2008.

These periods of martial law significantly impacted Pakistan’s governance, political stability, and constitutional development.

For more than 66 hours, 10 highly trained militants played havoc in India’s commercial metropolis, spraying bullets and shedding the blood of innocent civilians and tourists in November 2008, bringing the two nuclear neighbors to the brink of an all-out war.

• On August 29, 1963, China and Pakistan signed an Air Transport/Civil Aviation Agreement.
• This agreement allowed for the operation of flights between both countries into their respective territories.
• It facilitated air travel and cargo transportation, strengthening bilateral ties.

On 5th August 2019, the Government of India revoked the special status, or limited autonomy, granted under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution to occupied Jammu and Kashmir. By repealing Article 370 of the constitution, people from the rest of India will now have the right to acquire property in occupied Kashmir and settle there permanently. Kashmiris as well as critics of India’s Hindu nationalist-led government see the move as an attempt to dilute the demographics of Muslim-majority Kashmir with Hindu settlers. Article 370 had also limited the power of the Indian parliament to impose laws in the state, apart from matters of defense, foreign affairs and communications.

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), commonly known as FATA, were a semi-autonomous tribal region in north-western Pakistan. They existed from 1947 until being merged with the neighboring province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018 through the Twenty-fifth amendment to the constitution of Pakistan. FATA comprised seven tribal agencies (districts) and six frontier regions, directly governed by the federal government through a special set of laws called the Frontier Crimes Regulations. The total area of FATA was approximately 27,220 square kilometers (10,510 square miles)

The Gandhi-Jinnah talks commenced in Bombay (now Mumbai) on September 19, 1944, and continued until the 24th of the month. These discussions took place directly and also through correspondence Mahatma Gandhi informed Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah that he participated in these talks in his personal capacity, representing neither the Hindus nor the Congress. The objective was to find a settlement for the Hindu-Muslim problem. Despite differing views, these dialogues were a significant step toward understanding and addressing the complexities of a divided nation.

Operation Zarb-e-Azb was launched by the Pakistan army on June 15, 2014 to clear terrorists in the hostile and tribal areas of North Waziristan . Zarb-e-Azb was followed by Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad which began in February 2017.