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Philosophy 2024 MCQs
1 / 20
Consciousness, according to Sartre, is:
Sartre, an existentialist, argued consciousness is "nothingness" because it lacks inherent essence—humans define themselves through free choices.
2 / 20
‘To be is to be perceived’ represents:
George Berkeley’s subjective idealism claims reality exists only as perception ("esse est percipi").
3 / 20
Jean-Francois Lyotard defines postmodern as “incredulity towards metanarratives”. Accordingly, one of the following is discredited.
Postmodernism rejects grand narratives (e.g., Enlightenment progress, Marxism) that claim universal truths. Instead, it emphasizes fragmented, localized knowledge.
4 / 20
Virtue theory replaces the question ‘How should I act?’ with:
Virtue ethics (Aristotle) focuses on moral character and flourishing (eudaimonia), not rigid rules or consequences.
5 / 20
The following best captures Kant’s Formula of Humanity as End in itself.
Kant’s Categorical Imperative (Formula of Universal Law) requires that actions be based on principles that could apply universally. The Formula of Humanity (another version) forbids treating people merely as means.
6 / 20
According to Karl Popper, ‘Conjectures’ are:
Popper’s falsificationism treats scientific theories as conjectures subject to empirical testing.
7 / 20
The following is the perception as a result of awareness of inner representations of the external world.
Representative realism (Locke) posits that we perceive mental representations of objects, not the objects directly.
8 / 20
Exegesis of the Quran must be left to the philosopher, says Averroes, because:
Averroes (Ibn Rushd) argued philosophers reconcile scripture with reason, avoiding literalist errors.
9 / 20
Thomas Aquinas’ design argument is challenged by one of the followings:
Darwin’s natural selection undermined the teleological argument by explaining complexity without a designer.
10 / 20
Thomas Hobbes states that ‘man’s life was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short’ in the state of nature. Accordingly:
Hobbes viewed humans as inherently self-interested, requiring a strong Leviathan to prevent chaos.
11 / 20
John Rawls’s difference principle is vividly encapsulated in the following:
Rawls’ Difference Principle allows social/economic inequalities only if they benefit the worst-off, ensuring fairness in his theory of justice.
12 / 20
For early Mutatailites, grave sinners are:
The Mutazilites (Islamic rationalists) held that grave sinners occupy an intermediate state (al-manzilah bayna al-manzilatayn).
13 / 20
Kant objected to sex outside marriage, because:
Kant’s ethics forbid using people as means to an end. He argued that extramarital sex reduces a person to an object of pleasure, violating moral duty.
14 / 20
“Mature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, ______ and ______.”
This is Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarian claim—human behavior is driven by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
15 / 20
According to al Farabi, absolute certainty is the feature knowledge (ilm) which means:
Al-Farabi, influenced by Aristotle, saw true knowledge as logically necessary and universally valid, not subjective.
16 / 20
“Explaining something in terms of others” is called:
Reductionism breaks complex phenomena into simpler components (e.g., explaining mental states as brain processes).
17 / 20
According to Nietzsche, truth lies:
Nietzsche criticized traditional morality in Beyond Good and Evil, arguing that truth is shaped by power and perspective, not fixed binaries.
18 / 20
‘It is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied’ advocates:
Mill distinguished higher (intellectual) and lower (physical) pleasures, arguing quality matters over mere quantity (Bentham).
19 / 20
In John Locke’s ‘state of nature’:
Locke believed that in the state of nature, while humans are free and equal, the lack of a governing authority makes property and life vulnerable to disputes, necessitating a social contract.
20 / 20
For Karl Marx, the benefits and burdens of society should be distributed according to the following principle:
Marx advocated for a communist society where resources are distributed based on need, not merit or contribution. This principle contrasts with capitalism, where rewards are tied to labor.
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