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European History Past Paper MCQs
European History 2024 MCQs
1 / 20
Which battle marked Napoleon's final defeat, leading to his exile to the island of Elba in 1814?
The Battle of Leipzig (1813), also called the "Battle of Nations," was Napoleon’s decisive defeat by a coalition of European powers. He was later exiled to Elba in 1814, though he briefly returned in 1815 before Waterloo.
2 / 20
Which Eastern European country was led by Marshal Józef Piłsudski, who established an authoritarian regime in the interwar period characterized by his 'Sanation' policies?
Piłsudski’s "Sanation" (1926-1935) aimed to "heal" Poland’s politics through authoritarian rule, suppressing opposition and centralizing power.
3 / 20
The Expedition of the Thousand, a crucial event in Italian unification, was led by:
In 1860, Garibaldi led 1,000 volunteers to conquer Sicily and Naples, aiding Italian unification (Risorgimento) under King Victor Emmanuel II.
4 / 20
What political ideology, emphasizing individual rights, representative government, and rule of law, gained prominence in the wake of the Napoleonic era?
Liberalism emerged strongly after Napoleon, advocating constitutional government, free trade, and civil liberties—contrasting with conservative monarchism.
5 / 20
The Napoleonic Code, a comprehensive legal system, was introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte in:
The Napoleonic Code (Code Civil) was enacted in 1804, standardizing French laws and influencing legal systems worldwide. It emphasized equality before the law, secularism, and property rights but restricted women’s and workers' rights.
6 / 20
What treaty led to Russia's withdrawal from the First World War?
The Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, ceding vast territories (Ukraine, Baltic states) to exit WWI and focus on the Russian Civil War.
7 / 20
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 played a crucial role in the final stages of German unification. What significant event occurred during this war?
Prussia’s victory led to the Siege of Paris (1870-71), the fall of Napoleon III, and the proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles in 1871.
8 / 20
The division of Germany into East and West, symbolized by the Berlin Wall, was a direct consequence of:
At Potsdam, the Allies divided Germany into occupation zones, leading to the East-West split (1949) and later the Berlin Wall (1961).
9 / 20
Which major European powers were the key participants in the Concert of Europe?
The Concert of Europe (1815-1848) was dominated by the Quadruple Alliance: Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. They sought to maintain the post-Napoleonic balance of power and suppress revolutions.
10 / 20
The Treaty of Paris (1856), which ended the Crimean War (1853-1856), aimed to:
The treaty neutralized the Black Sea, banning Russian warships, and protected Ottoman territorial integrity to curb Russian expansion.
11 / 20
What event marked the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789?
The Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, symbolized the people's revolt against King Louis XVI's absolute monarchy. The Bastille, a fortress-prison in Paris, represented royal tyranny, and its fall marked the start of the revolution.
12 / 20
Which political ideology was endorsed by the Concert of Europe as a means of preserving the existing order in Europe?
The Concert of Europe promoted conservatism, aiming to restore monarchies, suppress nationalism, and prevent revolutionary upheavals like the French Revolution.
13 / 20
The North German Confederation, a precursor to the German Empire, was led by the dominance of which German state?
After defeating Austria in 1866, Prussia (under Bismarck) formed the North German Confederation, excluding Austria and paving the way for German unification in 1871.
14 / 20
The ultimatum delivered by Austria-Hungary to Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 contained what controversial demand?
Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum demanded Serbia allow Austrian officials to investigate the assassination, violating Serbian sovereignty and sparking WWI.
15 / 20
The Marshall Plan, initiated in 1948, aimed to provide economic assistance to war-torn European countries. Which country proposed and led this plan?
The US funded the Marshall Plan ($13 billion) to rebuild Western Europe, counter communism, and foster economic stability.
16 / 20
What was the 'Eastern Question' in 19th-century European politics?
The Eastern Question revolved around the decline of the Ottoman Empire and European powers' competition over its territories (e.g., Balkans, Black Sea).
17 / 20
The Industrial Revolution, characterized by technological advancements and the shift to mechanized production, primarily began in which country during the early 19th century?
The UK was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution (late 18th–early 19th century) due to factors like coal reserves, colonial resources, and innovations like the steam engine.
18 / 20
The alliance system that contributed to the escalation of the first world war included which major alliances?
WWI alliances were:
Triple Entente (Allies): France, Russia, Britain
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
19 / 20
Operation Barbarossa, launched by Nazi Germany in 1941, was a military campaign directed against which country?
Operation Barbarossa (June 1941) was Hitler’s invasion of the USSR, breaking the Nazi-Soviet Pact and marking a turning point in WWII.
20 / 20
Who was known as the 'Desert Fox' during World War II?
Rommel commanded Germany’s Afrika Korps in North Africa (1941-1943), earning his nickname for tactical brilliance.
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