Islamic Studies MCQs

• Conversion to Islam:
  • Sumayya was among the first seven individuals to openly embrace Islam.
  • The Quraysh, who persecuted Muslims of low social rank, targeted Sumayya’s family after the death of their patron.
  • Despite severe torture, Sumayya remained steadfast in her faith and refused to abandon Islam.
  • She, along with Yasir and Ammar, endured physical and emotional torment, including being forced to stand in the sun while dressed in mail-coats.
• Martyrdom:
  • Sumayya’s unwavering commitment led to her becoming the first martyr of the Ummah (community) of Muhammad.
  • One evening, Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), also a member of the Makhzum clan, verbally insulted her and then killed her by stabbing and impaling her with his spear.
  • Sumayya’s sacrifice remains a powerful testament to her faith and resilience.
  • Later, her husband Yasir was also tortured to death, becoming the second martyr in Islam.

Hazrat Sumayya’s legacy serves as an inspiration for believers, reminding us of the strength that emanates from unwavering devotion to God. May her memory continue to shine brightly in the annals of Islamic history.

The order of Tayammum is given in Surah Al-Ma’idah (Chapter 5), Verse 6:

“But if you are sick, or on a journey, or any of you has come from the toilet, or you have touched women, and you cannot find water, then make tayammum with clean ground and wipe a part of your faces and your hands with it. Allah does not desire to put you to hardship, but He desires to purify you, and to complete His blessing upon you so that you may give thanks.” ¹

Tayammum is the dry ablution, performed by striking one’s hands on clean earth or soil with the intention of preparing oneself for prayer when water is not available. May we seek purification and gratitude through this practice.

Someone asked Anas bin Malik: 'How many times did the Prophet perform Hajj?

He said: 'He performed one Hajj and he performed four Umrah:

1. Umrah Hudaybiyah

2. Umrah next year in Dhi Qa'da.

3. Umrah of Jarana, where the spoils Hunain Division in Dhi Qa’'da in the eighth year.

4. The fourth Umrah that is performed by the Prophet with the Wadda' (Farewell) Pilgrimage  in the tenth year of Hijri.

The legendary Bayt al-Hikma, also known as the House of Wisdom, was a remarkable institution established in the 8th century by Caliph Harun al-Rashid during the Abbasid era. Later, it flourished under the rule of his son, Caliph Al-Mamun, and his immediate successors. This esteemed center in Baghdad played a pivotal role during the Islamic Golden Age.

The House of Wisdom was believed to be a major public academy and intellectual center. While some sources suggest it was founded as a library for the collections of Caliph Harun al-Rashid, others propose that it began as a private collection of rare books and poetry assembled by the second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur. During the reign of the seventh Abbasid caliph, al-Ma’mun, it was transformed into a public academy and library.

The House of Wisdom was instrumental in the Greco-Arabic translation movement, where works from Greek and Syriac were translated into Arabic. Although it is unlikely that the House of Wisdom was the sole center for such work, it contributed significantly to the advancement of mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and medicine in the Muslim world. Ultimately, this illustrious institution met its demise during the Mongol siege of Baghdad in 1258.

While some historians have questioned the narrative surrounding the House of Wisdom, its legacy as a center of intellectual exchange and translation remains a fascinating chapter in history.

Fatrataul Wahi means pause in Wahi

Khilafat o Malukiyat (English: Caliphate and Kingship) is a book written by Abul Ala Maududi in October 1966. Maududi authored this book as a refutation of another work titled “The Caliphate of Mu’awiyah and Yazid” by Pakistani scholar Mahmood Ahmad Abbasi. In Khilafat o Malukiyat, Maududi discusses the stages of transformation from Khilafat (caliphate) to monarchy. The book was later translated into English and published under the title “Islam’s Political Order: The Model, Deviations, and Muslim Response”, with the English translation done by Tarik Jan.

Istishab is a legal principle in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). It refers to the presumption of continuity or persistence of a previous state or condition unless there is evidence to the contrary. In other words, if something was considered permissible (halal) or prohibited (haram) in the past, it is assumed to remain so until there is evidence indicating a change.

For example, if a person was in a state of ritual purity (wudu) and there is no evidence to suggest that they lost that state (such as breaking wudu), the principle of istishab would maintain their state of purity.

This principle helps maintain stability and consistency in legal rulings unless there is clear evidence to alter the status quo. May Allah guide us in understanding and applying these principles correctly.

In Islamic tradition, during times of drought or shortage of rains, a special prayer called Salatul Istisqa is offered to seek rain from Allah. Here are details about this prayer:

1. Salatul Istisqa (Prayer for Rain):
   • Purpose: To seek rain from Allah during times of drought.
   • Method:
     • The imam leads the congregation in two rak’at (units of prayer) at any time except those times when it is undesirable to pray.
     • In the first rak’ah, the imam recites Surah Al-A’la after Al-Fatihah.
     • In the second rak’ah, he recites Surah Al-Ghashiyah after Al-Fatihah.
     • The imam may deliver a khutbah (sermon) before or after the prayer.
     • After the khutbah, the people present should turn their outer garments around, each placing its left side on the right and its right side on the left.
     • They face the qiblah (direction of prayer), supplicate to Allah, and raise their hands while doing so.
   • Historical Example:
     • Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) performed Salatul Istisqa’ by praying two rak’at aloud.
     • He then turned his back to the people, inverted his cloak, and kept his hands raised.
     • Allah responded by sending rain, and the drought ended.
   • Supplication (a common prayer during Salatul Istisqa):
     

     “O Allah! Bless us with abundant and pleasant rainwater that will deliver us [from this calamity], immediately rather than delayed; one that fills the entire horizon and pounds hard on the earth, completely covering our lands, lasting as long as needed.” ¹²

Remember that this prayer is a means of seeking Allah’s mercy and provision during challenging times. 🙏🌧️

In the Holy Qur’an, there are six distinct Surahs (chapters) that are named after Prophets:

1. Surah Ibrahim (Chapter 14): Named after the Prophet Ibrahim (AS).
2. Surah Hud (Chapter 11): Named after the Prophet Hud (AS).
3. Surah Yusuf (Chapter 12): Named after the Prophet Yusuf (AS).
4. Surah Nuh (Chapter 71): Named after the Prophet Nuh (AS).
5. Surah Muhammad (Chapter 47): Named after the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
6. Surah Yunus (Chapter 10): Named after the Prophet Yunus (AS).

Sihah Sitta (Arabic: الصحاح الستة, romanized: al-Ṣiḥāḥ al-Sitta, lit. "the Authentic Six") is a collection of six Sunni hadith compilations considered the most authentic and reliable sources of information about the life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). These six books are:  

1. Sahih al-Bukhari: Considered the most authentic book of hadith.
2. Sahih Muslim: The second most authentic book of hadith.
3. Sunan Abu Dawud: A compilation of hadith by Imam Abu Dawud.
4. Sunan al-Nasa'i: Another important collection of hadith.
5. Jami' al-Tirmidhi: A comprehensive collection of hadith by Imam Tirmidhi.
6. Sunan Ibn Majah: A collection of hadith by Imam Ibn Majah.

These six books are highly respected by Sunni Muslims and are used as a primary source of reference for Islamic law, ethics, and theology.

Mu’awiya I was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate. His reign spanned from 661 until his death in April 680.

1. Origins and Early Life:
   • Mu’awiya was a relatively late follower of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
   • He and his father, Abu Sufyan, had initially opposed Muhammad until the conquest of Mecca in 630.
   • Afterward, Mu’awiya became one of Muhammad’s scribes.
2. Governorship of Syria:
   • Appointed by Caliph Abu Bakr, Mu’awiya served as a deputy commander in the conquest of Syria.
   • He rose through the ranks during the caliphate of Umar and became the governor of Syria under Uthman.
3. Military Campaigns and Naval Power:
   • Mu’awiya allied with the powerful Banu Kalb tribe in Syria.
   • He developed coastal city defenses and directed war efforts against the Byzantine Empire.
   • His naval campaigns marked the first Muslim naval expeditions.
4. First Fitna (Muslim Civil War):
   • After Uthman’s assassination in 656, Mu’awiya sought vengeance and opposed the election of Ali.
   • The Battle of Siffin in 657 resulted in a stalemate and arbitration talks.
5. Claim to the Caliphate:
   • Mu’awiya gained recognition as caliph by his Syrian supporters and ally Amr ibn al-As.
   • He became the first hereditary successor to the caliphate in Islamic history.
6. Domestic Rule and Administration:
   • Mu’awiya governed Syria effectively and maintained stability.
   • His administration extended to provinces like Iraq, Egypt, and Arabia.
   • He continued the war with Byzantium and expanded into central North Africa.
7. Legacy:
   • Mu’awiya’s reign marked the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty.
   • His leadership shaped the course of early Islamic history.

Mu’awiya I’s rule was characterized by military achievements, administrative reforms, and the consolidation of the Umayyad Caliphate.

Following are the five verses that are considered abrogated by Shah Waliullab al-Dahlawi:

(1) Al-Anfal 65 by Al-Anfal 66

(2) Al-Mujadilah 12 by Al-Mujadilah 13

(3) Al-Baqarah 180 by Al-Nisa’ 11

(4) Al-Ahzab 50 by Al-Ahzab 52

(5) Al-Muzzammil 1 by Al-Muzzammil 20.

The act of preferring one analogy to another is called "istihsan" in Islamic jurisprudence. It refers to the jurist's discretion in choosing a particular analogy or legal reasoning over others based on considerations such as public interest, equity, or common sense.

The second wife of Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him) was Hazrat Sawdah bint Zam’a (RA). After the passing of his first and most beloved wife, Khadijah, with whom he shared a very happy 25 years of his blessed life, Prophet Muhammad married Sawdah. Sawdah was a mature woman, approximately 40 years old, and a mother of five children. Her marriage to the Prophet allowed him to devote more time to carrying out his prophetic mission. Sawdah had the great honor of being an immigrant for the sake of Islam on two occasions: first to Abyssinia and then to Medina.

Imam Abu Hanifa’s full name was Numan bin Thabit bin Numan bin Marzuban. He was born in Kufa in the year 80 AH (699 CE) and passed away in 150 AH (767 CE) after the Hijrah. After studying the basics of Deen, Imam Saheb engaged himself in trade . His contributions to Islamic jurisprudence and theology continue to be influential, and he is widely recognized as one of the most significant scholars in Sunni Islam.

Mamun-ur-Rashid, also spelled as Al-Ma'mun or Mamun al-Rashid, was the seventh Abbasid Caliph who ruled from 813 to 833 AD. He was known for his patronage of the arts, sciences, and philosophy, and he played a significant role in the establishment and development of the House of Wisdom (Dar-ul-Hikmah) in Baghdad, which became a renowned center for scholarship and translation during the Islamic Golden Age. While not the sole founder, Mamun-ur-Rashid's support and policies greatly contributed to the flourishing of intellectual endeavors during his reign.

The book of ahadith titled “Sahifah al-Sadiqah” was narrated by Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-Aas, one of the companions of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This collection is often referred to as the first book of hadith. It contains valuable sayings and practices of the Prophet, providing essential guidance for the Muslim community.

Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him) embarked on his journey to Damascus, Syria in the company of his uncle Hazrat Abu Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) when he was twelve years old. This voyage was part of a mercantile caravan that traveled to Syria, and they journeyed as far as Busra, which lies in the southeastern part of Syria. During this trip, a significant encounter occurred:

• Christian Monk Bahira: In Busra, a Christian monk named Bahira recognized the young Muhammad as the Last Prophet. Bahira had observed in him all the signs of Prophethood mentioned in the Torah and the Gospel. He advised Abu Talib to return swiftly with his nephew to avoid any harm against him.

This early journey marked a pivotal moment in the life of the future Prophet, setting the stage for his later mission and divine calling.

The Muslims were under a social and economic boycott, rather than literal imprisonment, in the area known as Sha'b Abi Talib in Makkah. This boycott lasted for three years, from approximately 616 to 619 CE. During this period, the Muslims faced severe hardships, including economic isolation and deprivation of basic necessities.

The Surah of the Holy Quran that mentions the heads of Zakat is Surah At-Tawbah (Surah 9), specifically in verse 60:

"Zakat expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect [zakat] and for bringing hearts together [for Islam] and for freeing captives [or slaves] and for those in debt and for the cause of Allah and for the [stranded] traveler - an obligation [imposed] by Allah. And Allah is Knowing and Wise." (Quran 9:60)

The Quran specifies eight categories for the distribution of Zakat, which is the obligatory alms upon wealth in Islam. These categories are designated by God Himself, ensuring that zakat payers and administrators adhere to these guidelines. Here are the eight kinds of people who can receive zakat:

1. The Poor (al-fuqarâ’): Refers to low-income or indigent individuals.
2. The Needy (al-masâkîn): Includes those who are facing difficulties.
3. Zakat Administrators: Individuals involved in collecting and distributing zakat.
4. Those Whose Hearts Are to Be Reconciled: This category encompasses new Muslims and friends of the Muslim community.
5. Those in Bondage (Slaves and Captives): Zakat can be used to help free those held in bondage.
6. The Debt-Ridden: Individuals burdened by debt.
7. In the Cause of God: Zakat can be used for charitable purposes aligned with God’s cause.
8. The Wayfarer: Refers to those who are stranded or traveling with limited resources.

Remember that while zakat is not the only form of charity in Islam, it holds immense importance as the Third Pillar. Through zakat, the prosperous can uplift the poor, assist those in trouble, and provide comfort to those facing hardship. By paying zakat, you contribute to positive change in the world.

Quba Mosque to the south of Madinah is the second largest and prestigious mosque in the city after the Prophet’s Mosque, but claims the first place owing to its importance in Islamic history having been built in the first year of the Islamic calendar. Author Sapphire Hamwi said in his book (Lexicon countries) that Quba Mosque was originally a well surrounded by a village named after it. It was inhabited by the tribe of Bani Amr bin Auf. On his way to Madinah, the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) visited the home of Bani Amr Bin Auf and built a mosque in the area which he named Quba.

Historical references indicate that the Prophet (SAW) and his Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) built the mosque to the Southwest of Madinah, three km away from the Prophet's Mosque in the first year of the Hijri or Islamic calendar. The mosque contained a well which belonged to Abu Ayyub Al-Ansari (may Allah be pleased with him). It became a blessed place as the Prophet’s she-camel first knelt down there to take a long draught of water after the Prophet's journey.

The prayer offered at the time of war in Islam is known as Salat al-Khawf (Prayer of Fear). It is a special prayer performed during battle or when there is a threat to security. The method of performing this prayer is mentioned in the Quran (Surah An-Nisa 4:102) and in Hadith, where it is described that the prayer can be shortened and performed in shifts to ensure vigilance during combat.

The night before the victory of Makkah, Abu Sufyan accepted Islam, fearing the vengeance of the Prophet (SAW). The latter forgave him and sought no retribution for his years of enmity.

This order is mentioned in Surah Al-Hujurat (Chapter 49), Verse 2 of the Quran. Here is the translation:

“O believers! Do not raise your voices above the voice of the Prophet, nor speak loudly to him as you do to one another, or your deeds will become void while you are unaware.” 

This verse emphasizes the importance of respectful communication with the Prophet (peace be upon him) and serves as a reminder to maintain a dignified tone when addressing him.

In the Holy Quran, the concept of Haq Mehr (also known as dower or bridal gift) is mentioned in Surah Al-Nisa (Chapter 4), verse 4. Let me provide you with the relevant verse:

“And give the women (on marriage) their dower (mehr) as a free gift; but if they of their own good pleasure remit any part of it to you, take it and enjoy it with right good cheer.” ¹

Haq Mehr is the right of the wife, and it is given by the husband during the marriage ceremony. It is an obligatory provision, emphasizing the financial security and honor of the wife. The term “faridah” is used in the Quran to describe this obligation 

In the Islamic tradition, the Hijri year (also known as the Islamic lunar calendar) begins with the Hijrah, which refers to the migration of Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib (now Medina) in 622 CE. This migration marked a significant event in the establishment of the first Muslim community (ummah). The Hijri year is denoted by the abbreviation AH (Latin: Anno Hegirae, meaning “in the year of the Hijra”). It runs parallel to the Christian/Common Era (AD/CE) and Jewish eras (AM). The Hijri calendar consists of twelve lunar months, resulting in a year of either 354 or 355 days. The New Year’s Day in the Hijri calendar corresponds to the first day of the month of Muharram, which aligns with the Julian calendar date of July 16, 622 CE. The establishment of the Hijri calendar occurred during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, who chose the Hijrah as the epoch for the new Muslim calendar. This calendar replaced the earlier practice of named years and continues the ordering of months established by Prophet Muhammad. The first year of the Hijra (622-23 CE) was named the “Permission to Travel” in this calendar. May this information deepen your understanding of the Islamic calendar and its historical significance.

The foster sister of Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) was Shima binte Haris. She was one of the daughters of his foster-parents, Haris and Halima. Additionally, the Prophet (PBUH) had another foster sister named Aneesa binte Haris. It’s worth noting that he also had a foster brother named Abdullah.

The first Amir-ul-Hajj in the history of Islam was Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him). He held this esteemed position during the Hajj pilgrimage in the 9th year after the Hijra (migration), which is also known as the Farewell Hajj. This significant event took place during the time of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Abu Bakr al-Siddiq was a close companion of the Prophet and later became the first Caliph (successor) after the Prophet’s passing. His leadership during the Hajj exemplified his dedication to the faith and the Muslim community. May their legacy continue to inspire us.

The Muslim general who conquered the area of today's Spain during the Umayyad Caliphate was Tariq ibn Ziyad. He led the Muslim forces across the Strait of Gibraltar in 711 AD, marking the beginning of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula.

Hazrat Bilal ibn Rabah (RA), one of the Sahabah (companions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, was born in Mecca. His master was Umayyah ibn Khalaf, who was the head of the Banu Jumah Tribe. Bilal (RA) was kept as a slave, and his master was a virulent enemy of Islam. Despite severe torture, Bilal (RA) remained steadfast in his faith and became one of the first nine blessed individuals to convert to Islam. His unwavering commitment to the new faith earned him a special place in Islamic history.

The first caliph to set the prescribed punishment of eighty lashes for drinking alcohol (the offense known as "hudud al-sariqah") was the second caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him). He established this punishment during his caliphate as a deterrent against the consumption of intoxicants, in line with Islamic law.

Hazrat Halimah al-Sa’diyah (may Allah be pleased with her), the noble foster mother of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), belonged to the tribe of Sa’d b. Bakr, which is a subdivision of the Hawazin tribe. Her lineage and her selfless care for the young Muhammad (PBUH) exemplify the compassion and kindness that characterize the best of humanity.

"Mujadid Alf-Thani" is the title given to Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624), a prominent Islamic scholar and reformer from the Indian subcontinent. This title translates to "Reviver of the Second Millennium" and signifies his role in reviving and strengthening Islamic teachings and practices during the second millennium of the Islamic calendar. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in Islamic revivalism and spirituality in South Asia.

Preferring one qiyas over another is known as Istihsan. Istihsan is a concept in Islamic jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) that allows jurists to prioritize one analogy (qiyas) over another based-on considerations of equity, public interest, or avoiding hardship. Let’s delve into the details:

1. Qiyas (Analogical Deduction):
   • Qiyas involves extending a legal ruling from an original case (asl) to a new case because both cases share the same effective cause (illah). The original case is governed by a specific text (Quran or Sunnah), and qiyas aims to apply the same ruling to the new case.
   • It is used when a solution cannot be found directly in existing texts (nusus) or consensus (ijma’).
   • The commonality of the effective cause justifies applying qiyas to the new case.
2. Istihsan (Juristic Preference):
   • Istihsan means “to deem something better” or “to prefer.”
   • When faced with conflicting qiyas, jurists may choose to prefer one over the other based on considerations such as:
     • Equity (Adl): Istihsan allows for a fair and just outcome even if it diverges from strict analogy.
     • Public Interest (Maslahah): If applying a particular qiyas would harm public welfare, jurists may prefer an alternative.
     • Avoidance of Hardship (Rukhsah): Istihsan permits leniency to prevent undue hardship.
   • Istihsan is not universally accepted by all schools of thought but is recognized in some.

In summary, Istihsan provides flexibility in legal reasoning by allowing jurists to prioritize certain analogies over others when the circumstances warrant it.

Imam Malik was one of the most respected Fiqh also known as Imam darul Hijrah. His great grandfather Abi Aamer, who was from Yemen, embraced Islam in 2 A.H. and migrated to Madinah. He participated in all the battles alongside the Holy Prophet (SAW) except the battle of Badr.

Malik was born near Madinah in 93 A.H. He received his education on Madinah and contacted about 900 scholars for collecting Hadiths. He acquired a great amount of knowledge from the disciples of the companions of the Prophet (SAW). Imam Malik was very strong in defending Shariah and did not care for the likings of the ruling class.

Munafiq

The Ghazwa (battle) in which the Muslims camped on a high mound was Ghazwa-e-Uhad. During this significant battle, the Muslims faced challenges and strategic decisions that shaped the course of Islamic history.

Here are some key points about the Battle of Uhud:

1. Context: The Battle of Uhud took place in the third year after the migration to Madinah. It followed the earlier Battle of Badr, where the Muslims achieved a remarkable victory.
2. Opposing Forces: The Muslim army, led by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), faced the Quraish (the Meccan tribe) forces. The Quraish sought revenge for their defeat at Badr.
3. Strategic Positioning: The Muslims chose to camp on a high mound, hoping to gain a defensive advantage. However, during the battle, some archers left their positions, allowing the Quraish cavalry to attack from behind.
4. Initial Success: Initially, the Muslims had the upper hand, but the situation changed when the archers abandoned their posts. The Quraish exploited this opening and attacked the Muslim rear.
5. Losses and Lessons: Despite the setback, the Muslims fought valiantly. However, they suffered casualties, including the loss of Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib, the beloved uncle of the Prophet (PBUH). The battle taught important lessons about discipline and following orders.
6. Divine Intervention: The Prophet (PBUH) himself was injured during the battle. Yet, he remained steadfast, and divine intervention played a role in preventing further losses.
7. Spiritual Significance: The Battle of Uhud serves as a reminder of the importance of unity, discipline, and trust in Allah’s plan. It also highlights the sacrifices made by early Muslims for the sake of Islam.

In summary, Ghazwa-e-Uhad stands as a pivotal moment in Islamic history, emphasizing both military strategy and spiritual resilience.

Hajj-e-Akbar refers to the Hajj pilgrimage performed when the Day of Arafah (the 9th of Dhul-Hijjah) coincides with a Friday—Islam’s most significant day of the week. The Hajj is an annual journey to Mecca that every Muslim must undertake at least once in their lifetime, provided they have the financial means and necessary supplies for the trip.

The term “Akbar” (meaning “greater”) is used to distinguish this Hajj from the Umrah, which is considered a minor Hajj. However, it’s essential to note that every Hajj is inherently Hajj-e-Akbar, regardless of whether it occurs on a Friday or any other day.

Hajj-e-Akbar stands as a beacon of heightened spiritual awareness, fostering a renewed commitment to Islamic teachings. It calls upon every Muslim to look inward, refine their intent, and strive for a life that embodies the profound spiritual essence of the pilgrimage.

The reformer who fought against Akbar's Din-e-Ilahi was Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, commonly known as Mujaddid Alif Sani. He was a prominent Islamic scholar and mystic who lived during the reign of Emperor Akbar in the Mughal Empire. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi vehemently opposed Akbar's Din-e-Ilahi, which was a syncretic religion introduced by Akbar that attempted to blend elements of various religions. Sirhindi criticized Din-e-Ilahi as a departure from orthodox Islam and worked to preserve traditional Islamic teachings.

In the Battle of Hunayn, the Muslims faced formidable opponents. Let’s delve into the details:

• Belligerents:
  • Muslims: Led by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the Muslim army consisted of 12,000 armed soldiers.
  • Opposing Forces:
    • Quraysh: The Meccan tribe.
    • Qays: A tribal group.
    • Thaqif: Residing in Ta’if, a town southeast of Mecca.
    • Hawazin: Long-standing enemies of the Meccans, located northeast of Mecca.
• Background:
  • The Hawazin and Thaqif tribes had engaged in several wars, often concerning trade routes between Ta’if and Mecca.
  • They perceived Muhammad as a powerful Quraishi leader who had come to lead his people.
  • Some tribes favored fighting against the Muslims, and they gathered their forces.
• The Battle:
  • The battle took place in the Hunayn valley, along the route from Mecca to Taif.
  • Initially, the Muslims faced challenges due to their opponents’ numerical advantage.
  • However, the battle ultimately ended in a decisive victory for the Muslims.
  • It is one of the few battles mentioned by name in the Qur’an, specifically in Surat at-Tawbah.

In summary, the Battle of Hunayn stands as a testament to the Muslims’ resilience and strategic prowess.

1. Marfoo‘: if the hadeeth was the words of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him)

2. Mawqoof: if the hadeeth was the words of the Sahaabi (may Allah be pleased with all the Sahaabah)

3. Maqtoo‘: if the hadeeth was the words of the Taabi‘i.

A hadith that is directly narrated by a Tabi’ (also spelled as Taabi’i) is referred to as Maqtoo Hadith. Let’s delve into the details:

1. Al-Mukhadram: This term designates a narrator who lived between two tabaqat (generations). These narrators existed between the Companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the tabi’in. Although they lived during the Jahili era, they had never met the Prophet (peace be upon him). Notably, some of them embraced Islam during the Prophet’s lifetime, while others did not. An example of an al-Mukhadram narrator is Yusair bin 'Amr, who was born after the Hijrah but lived during the Jahili period with his people.
2. Tabi’in: A tabi’i is an individual who met at least one of the Companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him), believed in the Prophet’s message, and passed away as a Muslim. These tabi’in are further categorized into different levels, including those considered thiqah (trustworthy) and others.

In summary, al-mukhadram and tabi’in are distinct terms. While al-mukhadram lived during the Prophet’s time but never met him, tabi’in did not live during the Prophet’s era but were contemporaries of the Companions. Understanding these terms enhances our grasp of the science of hadith. May we continue to seek knowledge and practice it with understanding. Ameen!

Surah-al-Baqarah is the longest Surah (Chapter) of the Quran. It comprises of 286 ayats (Verses). The verse 282 is the longest verse in the Quran. The famous Ayat-ul-Kursi is the 255th verse of this Surah. The last two verses of this Surah are also of special importance.

The Surah of the Holy Quran that mentions the heads of Zakat is Surah At-Tawbah (Surah 9), specifically in verse 60:

"Zakat expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect [zakat] and for bringing hearts together [for Islam] and for freeing captives [or slaves] and for those in debt and for the cause of Allah and for the [stranded] traveler - an obligation [imposed] by Allah. And Allah is Knowing and Wise." (Quran 9:60)

The Quran specifies eight categories for the distribution of Zakat, which is the obligatory alms upon wealth in Islam. These categories are designated by God Himself, ensuring that zakat payers and administrators adhere to these guidelines. Here are the eight kinds of people who can receive zakat:

1. The Poor (al-fuqarâ’): Refers to low-income or indigent individuals.
2. The Needy (al-masâkîn): Includes those who are facing difficulties.
3. Zakat Administrators: Individuals involved in collecting and distributing zakat.
4. Those Whose Hearts Are to Be Reconciled: This category encompasses new Muslims and friends of the Muslim community.
5. Those in Bondage (Slaves and Captives): Zakat can be used to help free those held in bondage.
6. The Debt-Ridden: Individuals burdened by debt.
7. In the Cause of God: Zakat can be used for charitable purposes aligned with God’s cause.
8. The Wayfarer: Refers to those who are stranded or traveling with limited resources.

Remember that while zakat is not the only form of charity in Islam, it holds immense importance as the Third Pillar. Through zakat, the prosperous can uplift the poor, assist those in trouble, and provide comfort to those facing hardship. By paying zakat, you contribute to positive change in the world.

The Battle of the Trench, also known as the Battle of Khandaq or the Battle of the Confederates, took place in the surrounding perimeter of Medina (located at approximately 24.483°N, 39.583°E).

• Date: The battle occurred between 31 March 627 and approximately 14 April 627.
• Context: It was part of the ongoing conflict between the Muslims and the Quraysh.
• Defensive Strategy: Facing an offensive by the Quraysh, the Muslims in Medina, under the guidance of Salman the Persian, dug a trench around their settlement to defend themselves.
• Forces Involved:
  • Muslims: Comprising the Ansar of Khazraj, the Muhajirun from various origins (including significant portions of Quraysh immigrants), and the Banu Qays.
  • Confederates: Included the Quraysh tribe of Mecca, the Jewish/Arab tribes of Banu Qurayza and Banu Nadir, and other Arab tribes such as Banu Murra, Khaybar, Huyyay ibn Auf Murri, Banu Ghatafan, Bani Assad, and more.
• Outcome:
  • The battle lasted around two weeks.
  • Casualties were relatively low: the Muslims suffered five to six casualties, while the Quraysh lost three fighters.
  • The Quraysh, frustrated by Prophet Muhammad’s continued raids on their trade caravans despite their defeat at the Battle of Uhud, sought to occupy Medina. They gathered a confederate force of 10,000 men (some estimates suggest less than 7,500).
  • Hazrat Muhammad’s (PBUH) strategic trench successfully impeded the Quraysh’s advance, resulting in a stalemate and eventual withdrawal by the confederates.
• Significance: The Battle of the Trench demonstrated the resilience and resourcefulness of the early Muslim community in the face of adversity, as well as the importance of defensive strategies during times of conflict.

The Sahabi who devotedly served the Holy Prophet (SAW) for 10 years was Hazrat Anas Bin Malik (RA). Anas ibn Malik, also known as Abu Hamza al-Khazraji al-Ansari, was born in Medina ten years before the Hijra. His family belonged to the Najjar clan of the Khazraj tribe, one of the two leading tribes of Medina.

Anas b. Malik had the honor of being in close proximity to the Prophet (SAW), observing and meticulously recording details of the Prophet’s daily life and way of living. Due to his extended service, he became a prolific narrator of hadith, transmitting approximately 2,286 ahadith (including repetitions). His narrations rank him third among the companions known as “the Increasers” (mukthirun) for their extensive reports from the Prophet (SAW).

Anas learned and transmitted hadith not only directly from the Prophet (SAW) but also from other notable companions, including Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, Fatima, Mu’adh b. Jabal, and more. His dedication to preserving the teachings of Islam through hadith transmission left an indelible mark on Islamic scholarship.

Anas b. Malik’s mother, Umm Sulaim, entrusted him to the Prophet (SAW) when he was ten years old. She approached the Prophet (SAW) with humility, saying, “O Messenger of Allah, I am a poor woman. I have nothing to offer that could be of help to you. This is my son; I am leaving him to you so that he can help and serve you. Please accept him.” The Prophet (SAW) graciously accepted her request, and Anas became an integral part of the Prophet’s household and service.

Anas b. Malik’s unwavering commitment and firsthand accounts provide valuable insights into the life and character of the Prophet (SAW). His legacy continues to inspire generations of Muslims.

The name of Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha (RA) is mentioned in Surah Al-Ahzab (Chapter 33), Verse 37. This verse narrates the story of the marriage of Zaid (RA) with his wife, Hazrat Zainab bint Jahsh (RA). May Allah be pleased with them all.

The original name of the host of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), Abu Ayub Ansari, was Khalid bin Zaid (R.A). He was born in Medina, Hejaz, and belonged to the tribe of Banu Najjar. After the migration to Medina, he pledged allegiance to Islam at the hands of Prophet Muhammad, who then named him Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. Abu Ayyub was a close companion of the Prophet and played a significant role in supporting Islam after the hijra (migration) to Medina in 622. His patronym, “Abu Ayyub,” means “father of Ayyub.” May Allah be pleased with him.

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a 9th-century Muslim mathematician and astronomer. He is known as the "father of algebra", a word derived from the title of his book, Kitab al-Jabr. Al-Khwarizmt's Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala was a pioneering piece of work - offering practical answers for land distribution, rules on inheritance and distribution of salaries.