On April 14, 1988, in Geneva, representatives of the governments of Pakistan and Afghanistan signed three bilateral agreements intended to end the war in Afghanistan. An additional "Declaration on International Guarantees" was signed by the United States and the Soviet Union as states-guarantors. Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze also signed one of the three bilateral agreements as witnesses. These documents, collectively known as the Geneva accords, have been hailed as the key to Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and a settlement of the conflict which has held the world spotlight since the Soviet invasion of December 1979. They have also been condemned by critics as a betrayal of the Afghan people and their ten-year struggle against communist domination. The accords came into force on May 15, 1988 the date specified for the beginning of the withdrawal of Soviet troops.

On 5th August 2019, the Government of India revoked the special status, or limited autonomy, granted under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution to occupied Jammu and Kashmir. By repealing Article 370 of the constitution, people from the rest of India will now have the right to acquire property in occupied Kashmir and settle there permanently. Kashmiris as well as critics of India’s Hindu nationalist-led government see the move as an attempt to dilute the demographics of Muslim-majority Kashmir with Hindu settlers. Article 370 had also limited the power of the Indian parliament to impose laws in the state, apart from matters of defense, foreign affairs and communications.

In 2019, Dr Asad Majeed Khan was appointed as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States after Ali Jahangir Siddiqui had stepped down from his post. He had been previously appointed as ambassador to japan. He continued to serve as Ambassador  United States for over 3 years and left on 25 March, 2022 to take up his new post in Brussels.

Din-e-ilahi was a system of religious beliefs introduced by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582. His idea was to combine Islam and Hinduism into one faith, but also to add aspects of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Jainism.

The Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Pakistan was passed by the National Assembly of Pakistan on April 8, 2010 The amendment bill was passed by the Senate of Pakistan on April 15, 2010 and it became an act of parliament when President Asif Ali Zardari put his signature on the bill on April 19, 2010. It was the first time in Pakistan's history that a president relinquished a significant part of his powers willingly and transferred them to parliament and the office of the prime minister. President Asif Ali Zardari promulgated the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan that devolved powers and funds to provinces allowing for more provincial autonomy and equitable distribution of resources. The Eighteenth Amendment was indeed win of democracy in Pakistan, and a defeat of the advocates of the benevolent dictatorship in the country. The passage of 18th Constitutional Amendment is a landmark event in the history of Pakistan. The Special Committee of the Parliament headed by Senator Mian Raza Rabbani tirelessly and meticulously worked on the draft of the Constitutional Amendment. It was a rare moment when the parliamentary parties have forged consensus on issues of national importance. This historic move has amended around 102 Articles and restored the Constitution to its original shape representing a true parliamentary federal structure.

Since independence, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) have been governed under the Frontier Crimes Regulation, 1901. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973 in its Articles 1(2)(c), 246 and 247 conferred special status on these areas. Parliament had no authority to make any law for these areas. The president was law-giver who could, by a regulation, extend any law made by the parliament, to these areas with such exceptions and modifications as might be necessary, keeping in view the socio-cultural peculiarities and political dynamics of these areas. The system so prevalent in FATA was an exception to philosophy of rule of law. Despite numerous efforts to bring in reforms for these neglected areas, no government could succeed since 1976. However, after years of debate Pakistan’s National Assembly amended the constitution on 24 May 2018 (25th amendment) if favor of the integration of the FATA areas into the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The colonial legacy in the form of political administration under the unbridled powers of Political Agent is no longer there. The office is renamed as Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner. Similarly, the Century old FCR [Frontier Crimes Regulation] is no more in the field and replaced with Interim Governance Regulation. The tribal people will have fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and of which they were deprived till now. The introduction and presence of criminal and judicial system will ensure their fundamental rights like other citizens of rest of the Country. Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act 2018 was published in The Gazette of Pakistan on 5th June 2018.

In April 2010, Article 25A was inserted via the 18th Amendment passed during the Pakistan Peoples Party’s Zardari government in the Pakistani Constitution, making education a Fundamental Right. Which makes Pakistan, a state which has 52 million children between the ages of 5 and 16 who are guaranteed free education by the Constitution.

[25A. Right to education.—The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such manner as may be determined by law.]

Section 9 of the Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment Act, 2010 (10 of 2010), inserted a new Art. 25A, after Art. 25 of the Constitution, (w.e.f. April 19, 2010) under the Amendment, not only are the provincial governments responsible for paying all education-related costs including stationery, schoolbags and transport for children aged 5 to 16 age, they are also obligated to provide education. Moreover, the governments are also responsible for monitoring private sector education as well.

In the mid-1970s Pakistan embarked upon the uranium enrichment route to acquire a nuclear weapons capability. Pakistan conducted nuclear tests on 28th May 1998, shortly after India's nuclear tests, declaring itself a nuclear weapon state. Pakistan currently possesses a growing nuclear arsenal, and remains outside both the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).

For more than 66 hours, 10 highly trained militants played havoc in India’s commercial metropolis, spraying bullets and shedding the blood of innocent civilians and tourists in November 2008, bringing the two nuclear neighbors to the brink of an all-out war.

Operation Zarb-e-Azb was launched by the Pakistan army on June 15, 2014 to clear terrorists in the hostile and tribal areas of North Waziristan . Zarb-e-Azb was followed by Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad which began in February 2017.

The agreement was jointly signed by Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources Shahid Khaqan Abbasi and and Chairman of Qatar Gas Board of Directors Saad Sherida Al-Kaabi in Doha, according to which the kingdom will provide a billion dollars’ worth of LNG to Pakistan annually. Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Limited will sell LNG from 2016 to ear 2031 to Pakistan State Oil (PSO).

19th SAARC summit was cancelled after Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi refused to travel to Pakistan and New Delhi leaned on other SAARC members to boycott the summit. It was scheduled to be held in Pakistan in November, 2014.

Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, commonly known as Mujaddid-e-Alif Sani (the reformer of the second millennium), was born on 26 June, 1564, in Sirhind, a city of Indian Punjab. At the age of 36 he went to Delhi and there he met Khawaja Baqi Billah who introduced him to the Naqshbandi Silsilah. Sheikh Ahmed was not new to Sufi discipline as he had made remarkable progress and soon reached the sublime heights of experience and beatific vision. He died on 15 December, 1624, at the age of 60 years.

Pakistan on June 9, 2017 formally became a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) during 17th meeting of the Heads of the State Council summit in Astana. Founded in 2001, the SCO is comprised of 9 Member States, 3 Observer States and 6 Dialogue Partners.

Member States:

1. China
2. India
3. Kazakhstan
4. Kyrgyzstan
5. Russia
6. Pakistan
7. Tajikistan
8. Uzbekistan
9. Iran

Observer States:

1. Afghanistan
2. Belarus
3. Mongolia

Dialogue Partners:

1. Armenia
2. Azerbaijan
3. Cambodia
4. Nepal
5. Sri Lanka
6. Turkey

It mainly focusing on military Cooperation between the members which involves intelligence sharing and counterterrorism 0perations in Central Asia.

Syed Ahmed Khan was one of the leading figures of Muslim India, and the Revolt of 1857 was the defining moment of his life. He wrote this analysis soon after he witnessed the brutal revenge the British took on Delhi once the Revolt was suppressed. His primary aim was to correct the misconception that the uprising was merely a Muslim conspiracy. Instead, he argued, the Revolt was a widespread response to the failure of the British to admit Indians into the Legislative Council, effectively preventing them from having any say in government policies. Before the Revolt he had been a scholar and civil servant; after, he began a political career that helped transform modern India.

According to a recent report published by the World Health Organization, Pakistan ranks 122 (globally) in terms of the quality and reach of its healthcare systems; much behind even some of the far less developed countries such as Lithuania (73), Libya (87), Fiji (96), Iraq (103), and Tongo (116).

Pakistan's coastline is about 990 km long, bifurcated in two parts, Sindh Coast (270 km) and Makran Coast (720 km). The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Pakistan covers an area of about 240,000 sq. km. The maritime zone of Pakistan, including the continental shelf, extends up to 350 nautical miles from the coastline.